Multiple relapses of visceral leishmaniasis in a patient with HIV in India: A treatment challenge

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is an opportunistic infection amongst HIV-infected people in several endemic countries, and the clinical management of this co-infection poses several challenges. Here we describe a co-infected patient in India who failed to respond to miltefosine monotherapy and subsequently relapsed following two further (different) regimens of liposomal amphotericin B. He was then successfully treated with a combination of 30 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B and 14 days of 100 mg/day oral miltefosine.